diff --git a/src/ai/agent-images.service.spec.ts b/src/ai/agent-images.service.spec.ts
index c6a8edf..0ccc293 100644
--- a/src/ai/agent-images.service.spec.ts
+++ b/src/ai/agent-images.service.spec.ts
@@ -16,10 +16,41 @@ function setup() {
   const credentials = new AiCredentialService(new ConfigService({ AI_CREDENTIAL_ENCRYPTION_KEY: 'fixture-only-encryption-key-123456789' }));
   const service = new AgentImagesService(storage as unknown as R2PublicFileService, credentials);
   const scope = { studentId: 'student', courseId: 'course', week: 3 };
-  return { objects, storage, service, scope };
+  return { objects, storage, service, scope, credentials };
 }
 
 describe('AgentImagesService', () => {
+  it('repairs multipart UTF-8 filenames without changing correctly decoded names', async () => {
+    const h = setup();
+    const buffer = await sharp({ create: { width: 2, height: 2, channels: 3, background: 'white' } }).png().toBuffer();
+    const koreanName = '스크린샷 2026-10-19 14-30-07.png';
+    for (const [originalname, expected] of [
+      [Buffer.from(koreanName, 'utf8').toString('latin1'), koreanName],
+      [koreanName, koreanName],
+      ['screen.png', 'screen.png'],
+      ['caf\u00e9.png', 'caf\u00e9.png'],
+      ['\uD83D\uDCF7.png', '\uD83D\uDCF7.png'],
+      ['../folder\\screen\u0000.png', '.._folder_screen_.png'],
+    ]) {
+      const reference = await h.service.upload(h.scope, { originalname, buffer });
+      expect(reference.name).toBe(expected);
+      expect(h.service.references([reference], h.scope)[0].name).toBe(expected);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('restores legacy filename metadata without changing the token or stored image', async () => {
+    const h = setup();
+    const buffer = await sharp({ create: { width: 2, height: 2, channels: 3, background: 'white' } }).png().toBuffer();
+    const name = '스크린샷 2026-10-19 14-30-07.png';
+    const reference = await h.service.upload(h.scope, { originalname: name, buffer });
+    const claim = JSON.parse(h.credentials.decrypt(reference.token));
+    claim.name = Buffer.from(name, 'utf8').toString('latin1');
+    const token = h.credentials.encrypt(JSON.stringify(claim));
+    const restored = h.service.references([{ token }], h.scope);
+    expect(restored).toEqual([{ ...reference, name, token }]);
+    expect((await h.service.load(restored))[0].data).toBe(h.objects.get(claim.key)!.toString('base64'));
+  });
+
   it('reuses the R2 prefix, strips metadata and returns opaque scoped references', async () => {
     const h = setup();
     const buffer = await sharp({ create: { width: 24, height: 16, channels: 3, background: '#336699' } }).withMetadata().png().toBuffer();
diff --git a/src/ai/agent-images.service.ts b/src/ai/agent-images.service.ts
index 9a5896a..7ec15b1 100644
--- a/src/ai/agent-images.service.ts
+++ b/src/ai/agent-images.service.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ export type AgentImageScope = { studentId: string; courseId: string; week: numbe
 export type AgentImageReference = { token: string; name: string; mimeType: 'image/png'; size: number; url: string };
 type ImageClaim = AgentImageScope & { type: 'agent-image'; id: string; name: string; key: string; size: number; sha256: string };
 
+function normalizeImageFileName(fileName: string): string {
+  if (/^[\u0000-\u00ff]*$/.test(fileName)) {
+    try { fileName = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { fatal: true }).decode(Buffer.from(fileName, 'latin1')); }
+    catch { /* Preserve genuine Latin-1 names that are not misdecoded UTF-8. */ }
+  }
+  return fileName.replace(/[\\/\u0000-\u001f]/g, '_').slice(0, 255) || 'image.png';
+}
+
 export function supportsAgentImages(provider: string, model: string): boolean {
   return provider === 'QWEN' && ['qwen3.7-plus', 'qwen3.7-flash', 'qwen3.8-max', 'qwen3.8-flash', 'qwen-vl-plus', 'qwen-vl-max']
     .some(id => model === id || model.startsWith(`${id}-`));
@@ -35,7 +43,7 @@ export class AgentImagesService {
     }
     const id = randomUUID();
     const key = this.storage.createLmsAgentImageKey({ courseId: scope.courseId, userId: scope.studentId, imageId: id });
-    const name = file.originalname.replace(/[\\/\u0000-\u001f]/g, '_').slice(0, 255) || 'image.png';
+    const name = normalizeImageFileName(file.originalname);
     const claim: ImageClaim = { ...scope, type: 'agent-image', id, name, key, size: body.length, sha256: createHash('sha256').update(body).digest('hex') };
     const token = this.credentials.encrypt(JSON.stringify(claim));
     const url = await this.storage.uploadPublicFile({ key, body, contentType: 'image/png' }).catch(() => { throw new BadGatewayException('첨부 이미지 업로드에 실패했습니다. 잠시 후 다시 전송해주세요.'); });
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ export class AgentImagesService {
       seen.add(claim.id);
       const url = this.storage.publicUrl(claim.key);
       if (!url) throw new BadRequestException('첨부 이미지 주소를 찾을 수 없습니다.');
-      return { token: item.token, name: claim.name, mimeType: 'image/png', size: claim.size, url };
+      return { token: item.token, name: normalizeImageFileName(claim.name), mimeType: 'image/png', size: claim.size, url };
     });
   }
 
diff --git a/src/ai/agent.service.spec.ts b/src/ai/agent.service.spec.ts
index f6583bb..3dd014f 100644
--- a/src/ai/agent.service.spec.ts
+++ b/src/ai/agent.service.spec.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ describe('AgentService', () => {
     const restored = service.toSessionResponse({ id: 'session', messages: [{ ...message, clientMessageId: message.id, summary: null, explanation: null, actions }] });
     expect(restored.messages[0].imageAttachments).toEqual([reference]);
     expect(JSON.stringify(actions)).not.toContain('base64');
+    const legacy = { ...reference, name: Buffer.from('스크린샷.png', 'utf8').toString('latin1') };
+    const normalized = { ...reference, name: '스크린샷.png' };
+    service.imagesService.references.mockReturnValue([normalized]);
+    const history = service.toSessionResponse({ id: 'session', messages: [{ ...message, clientMessageId: message.id, summary: null, explanation: null, actions: [{ type: 'IMAGE_ATTACHMENT', payload: legacy }] }] });
+    expect(service.imagesService.references).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith([legacy], undefined);
+    expect(history.messages[0].imageAttachments).toEqual([normalized]);
   });
 
   const parsePlan = (content: Record<string, unknown>) => {
diff --git a/src/ai/agent.service.ts b/src/ai/agent.service.ts
index a04a6d4..8cb7f88 100644
--- a/src/ai/agent.service.ts
+++ b/src/ai/agent.service.ts
@@ -702,13 +702,14 @@ export class AgentService {
         );
         const hasPlan =
           message.summary !== null && message.explanation !== null;
+        const imageAttachments = this.imageReferences(message.actions.filter(action => action.type === 'IMAGE_ATTACHMENT').map(action => action.payload));
         return {
           id: message.clientMessageId,
           role: message.role,
           content: message.content,
           provider: message.provider ?? undefined,
           model: message.model ?? undefined,
-          ...(message.actions.some(action => action.type === 'IMAGE_ATTACHMENT') ? { imageAttachments: message.actions.filter(action => action.type === 'IMAGE_ATTACHMENT').map(action => action.payload) } : {}),
+          ...(imageAttachments.length ? { imageAttachments } : {}),
           usage:
             message.usage && typeof message.usage === 'object'
               ? message.usage
diff --git a/src/ai/ai-provider.service.ts b/src/ai/ai-provider.service.ts
index 8cc02b0..9cd9d5c 100644
--- a/src/ai/ai-provider.service.ts
+++ b/src/ai/ai-provider.service.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { ConfigService } from '@nestjs/config';
 
 import type { AiCompletionResult, AiProvider } from './ai.types';
 import { getCopilotConfiguration, requestFutureDriveChatCompletion } from './copilot-backend';
+import { normalizeCopilotPlanResponse, prepareCopilotMessages } from './copilot-agent-format';
 
 export type CompletionInput = {
   provider: AiProvider;
@@ -37,10 +38,10 @@ export class AiProviderService {
     const configuration = getCopilotConfiguration(this.configService);
     if (!configuration.configured) throw new BadGatewayException('A-Copilot 서버 연결이 설정되어 있지 않습니다.');
     if (configuration.backend === 'futuredrive') {
-      return requestFutureDriveChatCompletion(this.configService, [
-        { role: 'user', content: input.system },
-        ...input.messages.map(({ role, content }) => ({ role, content })),
-      ]);
+      const response = await requestFutureDriveChatCompletion(this.configService, prepareCopilotMessages(
+        input.system, input.messages.map(({ role, content }) => ({ role, content })), input.json === true,
+      ));
+      return input.json ? { ...response, content: normalizeCopilotPlanResponse(response.content) } : response;
     }
     return this.openAi({
       ...input,
diff --git a/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.spec.ts b/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36c23ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { COPILOT_MESSAGE_CHAR_LIMIT, normalizeCopilotPlanResponse, prepareCopilotMessages } from './copilot-agent-format';
+
+const plan = { summary: '모듈 확인', explanation: '실제 구성표를 확인합니다.', toolRequests: [{ id: 'inspect', name: 'practice.inspect', args: { profile: 'mkmini-2d' } }], changes: [], commands: [], createModule: null };
+
+describe('A-Copilot agent response protocol', () => {
+  it('keeps the student question last and explicitly delivers agent JSON inside the RAG answer', () => {
+    const request = 'MK-mini에서 2D SLAM 실행 모듈 알려줘';
+    const messages = prepareCopilotMessages('에이전트 지침', [
+      { role: 'user', content: JSON.stringify({ request, workspace: { modules: [] } }) },
+      { role: 'assistant', content: '잘못된 이전 형식' },
+      { role: 'user', content: JSON.stringify({ formatError: 'JSON 오류', instruction: '다시 반환' }) },
+    ], true);
+    expect(messages[0].content).toContain('에이전트 지침');
+    expect(messages.at(-1)!.content).toContain(request);
+    expect(messages.at(-1)!.content).toContain('answer 본문');
+    expect(messages[3].content).toContain('formatError');
+  });
+
+  it('splits long context and surrogate pairs without dropping or truncating content', () => {
+    const request = '설정 확인';
+    const context = JSON.stringify({ request, workspace: { source: 'x'.repeat(100_000) } });
+    const messages = prepareCopilotMessages('지침', [{ role: 'user', content: context }], true);
+    expect(messages.every(message => message.content.length <= COPILOT_MESSAGE_CHAR_LIMIT)).toBe(true);
+    expect(messages.slice(1, -1).map(message => message.content).join('')).toBe(context);
+    const text = 'x'.repeat(COPILOT_MESSAGE_CHAR_LIMIT - 1) + String.fromCodePoint(0x1f680) + 'end';
+    const chunks = prepareCopilotMessages('system', [{ role: 'assistant', content: text }], false).slice(1);
+    expect(chunks.map(message => message.content).join('')).toBe(text);
+    expect(chunks.every(message => !/[\uD800-\uDBFF]$|^[\uDC00-\uDFFF]/.test(message.content))).toBe(true);
+    expect(chunks.every(message => message.role === 'assistant')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    JSON.stringify(plan),
+    `\`\`\`json\n${JSON.stringify(plan)}\n\`\`\``,
+    `${JSON.stringify(plan)}\n\`\`\``,
+    `설명입니다.\n\n\`\`\`json\n${JSON.stringify(plan)}\n\`\`\`\n다음 단계입니다.`,
+    `설명\n\`\`\`json\r\n${JSON.stringify(plan)}\r\n\`\`\``,
+  ])('extracts a single complete JSON plan from observed RAG output formats', content => {
+    expect(JSON.parse(normalizeCopilotPlanResponse(content))).toEqual(plan);
+  });
+
+  it('does not fabricate plans from natural-language answers or choose among ambiguous plans', () => {
+    for (const content of [
+      '설명만 반환했습니다.',
+      '설명\n```json\n{invalid}\n```',
+      '설명\n```json\n{"unrelated":true}\n```',
+      `설명\n\`\`\`json\n${JSON.stringify(plan)}\n\`\`\`\n다른 제안\n\`\`\`json\n${JSON.stringify({ ...plan, summary: '다른 계획' })}\n\`\`\``,
+    ]) expect(normalizeCopilotPlanResponse(content)).toBe(content);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.ts b/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d11d229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ai/copilot-agent-format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import type { CopilotMessage } from './copilot-backend';
+
+export const COPILOT_MESSAGE_CHAR_LIMIT = 32_000;
+
+export function prepareCopilotMessages(system: string, messages: CopilotMessage[], json: boolean): CopilotMessage[] {
+  const prepared: CopilotMessage[] = [{ role: 'user', content: system }, ...messages];
+  if (json) {
+    let request = messages.findLast(message => message.role === 'user')?.content ?? '';
+    for (const message of messages) {
+      if (message.role !== 'user') continue;
+      try {
+        const context = JSON.parse(message.content);
+        if (context && typeof context.request === 'string') { request = context.request; break; }
+      } catch { /* Plain text is also a valid chat message. */ }
+    }
+    prepared[0] = { role: 'user', content: `${system}\n\n긴 문맥 메시지는 API의 메시지별 길이 제한에 맞게 나누어 전달될 수 있습니다. 연속된 같은 역할의 문맥 조각은 순서대로 이어 읽으세요.` };
+    prepared.push({ role: 'user', content: [
+      `학생 요청: ${request}`,
+      '이 API의 일반 응답 answer 본문 안에 위 에이전트 규칙에 맞는 JSON 코드블록 하나를 넣어 답변하세요.',
+      '에이전트 JSON을 API 최상위 필드로 출력하지 마세요. answer를 비우지 말고 코드블록 밖의 설명은 생략하세요.',
+      '자료가 부족하면 추측하거나 실행하지 말고 위 스키마의 자료 조회 요청을 반환하세요.',
+    ].join('\n\n') });
+  }
+  return prepared.flatMap(message => {
+    const chunks: CopilotMessage[] = [];
+    let offset = 0;
+    do {
+      let end = Math.min(offset + COPILOT_MESSAGE_CHAR_LIMIT, message.content.length);
+      const last = message.content.charCodeAt(end - 1);
+      const next = message.content.charCodeAt(end);
+      if (last >= 0xd800 && last <= 0xdbff && next >= 0xdc00 && next <= 0xdfff) end--;
+      chunks.push({ role: message.role, content: message.content.slice(offset, end) });
+      offset = end;
+    } while (offset < message.content.length);
+    return chunks;
+  });
+}
+
+export function normalizeCopilotPlanResponse(content: string): string {
+  const normalized = content.trim().replace(/^```(?:json)?\s*/i, '').replace(/\s*```$/, '');
+  try { JSON.parse(normalized); return normalized; } catch { /* RAG answers can include prose around a JSON code block. */ }
+  const candidates: string[] = [];
+  for (const match of content.matchAll(/(?:^|\n)[ \t]*```(?:json)?[ \t]*\r?\n([\s\S]*?)\r?\n[ \t]*```(?=\r?\n|$)/g)) {
+    try {
+      const value = JSON.parse(match[1]);
+      if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
+        && typeof value.summary === 'string' && typeof value.explanation === 'string') candidates.push(JSON.stringify(value));
+    } catch { /* Non-plan code blocks do not constitute an agent response. */ }
+  }
+  return candidates.length === 1 ? candidates[0] : content;
+}
diff --git a/src/ai/copilot-backend.spec.ts b/src/ai/copilot-backend.spec.ts
index e0ead31..410a422 100644
--- a/src/ai/copilot-backend.spec.ts
+++ b/src/ai/copilot-backend.spec.ts
@@ -35,9 +35,10 @@ describe('managed A-Copilot backend', () => {
       expect(request.body).not.toMatch(/server-only-secret|untrusted/);
     }
     expect(JSON.parse(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][1].body).messages[0].content).toBe('공식 교육 내용');
-    expect(JSON.parse(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body).messages).toEqual([
-      { role: 'user', content: 'Return an agent JSON plan' }, { role: 'user', content: '워크스페이스 문맥' },
-    ]);
+    const messages = JSON.parse(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body).messages;
+    expect(messages[0].content).toContain('Return an agent JSON plan');
+    expect(messages[1]).toEqual({ role: 'user', content: '워크스페이스 문맥' });
+    expect(messages.at(-1).content).toContain('answer 본문');
   });
 
   it('follows the AI tab server selection when OpenAI is configured, without accepting course overrides', async () => {
@@ -76,6 +77,29 @@ describe('managed A-Copilot backend', () => {
     expect(fetchMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it('normalizes a real RAG-style answer containing prose and one agent plan without a repair call', async () => {
+    const answer = `모듈 구성표를 먼저 조회합니다.\n\n\`\`\`json\n${JSON.stringify(plan)}\n\`\`\``;
+    const fetchMock = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, json: async () => ({ answer }) });
+    global.fetch = fetchMock as typeof fetch;
+    const provider = new AiProviderService(config(configuration));
+    const result = await provider.complete({ provider: 'A_COPILOT', model: 'a-copilot', apiKey: '', system: 'JSON plan only', json: true, messages: [{ role: 'user', content: JSON.stringify({ request: '모듈 목록 확인' }) }] });
+    expect(JSON.parse(result.content)).toEqual(plan);
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('distinguishes an empty upstream answer and retains its request ID without inventing a response', async () => {
+    global.fetch = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, status: 200, json: async () => ({ answer: '', request_id: 'fixture-request-123' }) }) as typeof fetch;
+    const provider = new AiProviderService(config(configuration));
+    try {
+      await provider.complete({ provider: 'A_COPILOT', model: 'a-copilot', apiKey: '', system: 'test', messages: [] });
+      throw Error('Expected an upstream error');
+    } catch (error) {
+      expect((error as { getResponse: () => unknown }).getResponse()).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({
+        code: 'COPILOT_EMPTY_ANSWER', upstreamRequestId: 'fixture-request-123', message: expect.stringContaining('API 연결은 성공'),
+      }));
+    }
+  });
+
   it('creates and repairs an agent JSON plan using server credentials, without a course credential', async () => {
     const fetchMock = jest.fn()
       .mockResolvedValueOnce({ ok: true, json: async () => ({ answer: 'invalid plan JSON' }) })
diff --git a/src/ai/copilot-backend.ts b/src/ai/copilot-backend.ts
index bcdb7ba..e899236 100644
--- a/src/ai/copilot-backend.ts
+++ b/src/ai/copilot-backend.ts
@@ -24,9 +24,20 @@ export async function requestFutureDriveChatCompletion(config: ConfigService, me
     headers: { 'X-API-Key': apiKey, 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'ngrok-skip-browser-warning': '1' },
     body: JSON.stringify({ messages, lang }),
   });
-  const data = await response.json().catch(() => ({})) as { answer?: string; error?: { message?: string }; message?: string };
+  const data = await response.json().catch(() => {
+    throw new BadGatewayException(`A-Copilot 서버가 JSON 형식이 아닌 응답을 반환했습니다. (HTTP ${response.status})`);
+  }) as { answer?: string; error?: { message?: string }; message?: string; request_id?: string };
+  if (!data || typeof data !== 'object' || Array.isArray(data)) throw new BadGatewayException('A-Copilot 서버 응답이 JSON 객체가 아닙니다.');
   if (!response.ok) throw new BadGatewayException(data.error?.message ?? data.message ?? `A-Copilot request failed: ${response.status}`);
-  const content = typeof data.answer === 'string' ? data.answer.trim() : '';
-  if (!content) throw new BadGatewayException('A-Copilot 응답이 비어 있습니다.');
+  if (typeof data.answer !== 'string') throw new BadGatewayException('A-Copilot 서버 응답에 answer 문자열이 없습니다. 서버의 응답 형식을 확인해주세요.');
+  const content = data.answer.trim();
+  if (!content) {
+    const requestId = typeof data.request_id === 'string' && /^[A-Za-z0-9_-]{1,100}$/.test(data.request_id) ? data.request_id : undefined;
+    throw new BadGatewayException({
+      message: 'A-Copilot API 연결은 성공했지만 서버가 빈 answer를 반환했습니다. 공용 AI 서버의 생성 로그를 확인해주세요.',
+      code: 'COPILOT_EMPTY_ANSWER',
+      ...(requestId ? { upstreamRequestId: requestId } : {}),
+    });
+  }
   return { content, usage: { promptTokens: undefined, completionTokens: undefined, totalTokens: undefined } };
 }